Refractor devices for performing a subjective vision test; refractor devices for administering a subjective vision test to aid a practitioner in the diagnosis of vision-related disorders; devices for dynamically adjust user perception of an input image and used for prescribing corrective eyewear or surgery; cognitive impairment assessment device for performing a vision-based cognitive impairment assessment; vision-based testing devices for digitally implementing a vision-based test to aid a practitioner in the diagnosis of concussions using subjective vision tests; digital signage display panels; image display panels having multi-view capabilities; lightfield display devices for correcting a display to accommodate the reduced visual acuity of a person viewing the display

Provision of vision-based testing devices connected to a network so as to permit a practitioner to remotely access the device to provide health care and clinical services via the network-connected vision-based and light-based diagnostic and corrective device; licensing, maintenance, billing, data storage and telepresence support services for vision-based and light-based diagnostic and corrective devices; provision of remote health care and telemedical services via network- connected vision-based and light-based diagnostic and corrective devices; provision of cloud-based health information hosting services