Monitoring reputation associated with assigned phone numbers based on empirical data, and providing an assessment of the likelihood a communication is an unsolicited bulk communication, junk communication, unsolicited communication or fraudulent; providing an indicator of potential fraud based on analysis, monitoring, and validation of identity information; identity monitoring services for fraud protection purposes; personal information and identity monitoring for the purpose of identifying and protecting against unsolicited bulk communications, junk communications, unsolicited communications, and potentially fraudulent communications; fraud detection services in the field of communications; personal information and identity monitoring for the purpose of regulatory compliance; regulatory compliance consulting in the field of communications; providing information in the fields of fraud, fraud management, identity verification, and regulatory compliance