Electronic and optical sensors and associated systems for use with diagnostic instrumentation to detect the presence and concentration of a chemical compound or analyte in an in vivo or an in vitro sample; Thru-skin, thru-tissue, inter-cellular and intra-cellular imaging system and associated software for analyzing data from electromagnetic, acoustic, magnetic, mechanical, vibration, radiological, video and gravitational sensors; Imaging systems for analyzing below surface, through mechanical structures, through materials and through electromagnetic interference fields using contact, stand-off and remote sensors