Chemicals and chemical products for use in industry and science; metal-based materials in porous, structured, leached, dealloyed, leachable or precursor form, including but not limited to foams, meshes, gauzes, expanded metals, and other metallic architectures; catalysts and electrocatalysts for chemical, electrochemical and biochemical processes; metal-based materials for use in water electrolysis, biomass conversion and other catalytic applications; materials functioning as electrodes, catalyst supports or integrated electrochemical components; all of the foregoing particularly made from or containing nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, aluminum, zinc, precious metals, or alloys and compositions including other alloying or doping elements.