Milking machines; automated milking machines and installations; milking installations for automatic milk extraction and suctioning; teat cups, suction cups, teat cup liners, teat dip applicator apparatus, backflush apparatus, apparatus for cleaning and flushing teat cups and teat cup liners, cleaning apparatus and machines, all being parts and attachments of milking machines and milking installations; air supply apparatus, air valves and vacuum control apparatus, all adapted for use with teat cup liners, and all being parts of milking machines and milking installations; teat dip mixing machines; automated machines for blending concentrated chemicals with water to create teat dip.