Scientific, [ nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, ] measuring, signaling, checking, [ life-saving and teaching ] apparatus and instruments, in particular, encoders, optical encoders, magnetic encoders, incremental encoders, sine encoders, absolute encoders, end-shaft encoders, shaft encoders, hollow shaft encoders, cone shaft rotary encoders, single-turn encoders, multi-turn encoders, encoders with interface, encoders with high shock resistance, encoders with high vibration resistance, shaft encoders with clamping flange, shaft encoders with synchro flange, electric speed switches, encoder combination, in particular encoders with tachogenerators and speed switches incorporated therewith; electric speed switches; electric acceleration sensors; tachometers; [ spindle positioning systems, namely, electric actuators, electric format alignment sensors; magnetic electronic sensors for linear and rotary applications; ] automated process control system, namely, micro-processor based hardware and software used to monitor the status of industrial machinery, namely, tachogenerators, tachogenerators without bearing, end shaft tachogenerators, shaft tachogenerators, cone shaft tachogenerators, tachogenerators with housing with internal bearing, tachogenerators with high shock resistance, tachogenerators with high vibration resistance; [ electrical resolver, electrical shaft resolver, electrical hollow shaft resolver; electric inclination sensors ]