Scientific instruments, namely, nucleic acid sequencers, imaging devices, namely, electronic imaging apparatus for detecting images and optical signals, and for processing images and optical signals into data, for use in genotyping and sequencing; equipment for sample preparation, amplification, mixing, hybridization, incubation, and washing, namely, sample containers, reagent holders, and pipettes, carrying multiple reagents, chemically modified microscopic beads, sets of chemically modified microscopic beads and sample containers and hollow chambers having chemically modified surfaces; automated laboratory equipment and systems, namely, robotic equipment in the nature of a mechanical arm for positioning and moving containers for samples or adding reagents thereto, and barcode readers; computer systems comprised of computer hardware, computer operating systems, computer software, data files, modems and computer peripheral devices for collecting, storing, analyzing and reporting biological information, and for sample tracking and managing projects, laboratory workflow and data, all the foregoing for use in the fields of scientific, diagnostic and clinical research